Unit-16 CHEMISTRY
IN EVERYDAY LIFE
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
- DRUGS
– Drugs are chemical of low molecular masses, which interact with
macromolecular targets and produce a biological response.
- CHEMOTHERAPY-
The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
- CLASSIFICATION
OF DRUGS –
(a)
ON THE BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT-drugs
for a particular type of problem as analgesics-----for pain relieving.
(b)
ON THE BASIS OF DRUG ACTION-Action
of drug on a particular biochemical process.
(c)
ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL ACTION-Drugs
having similar structure .eg-sulpha drugs.
(d)
ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR TARGETS-
Drugs interacting with biomolecules as lipids, proteins.
- ENZYMES AS DRUG TARGETS
(i)
CATALYTIC ACTION OF EN ZYMES-
(a)
Enzymes have
active sites which hold the substrate molecule .it can be attracted by reacting
molecules.
(b)
Substrate is
bonded to active sites through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Vander Waal or
dipole –dipole interactions.
(ii)
DRUG- ENZYME INTERACTIONS-
(a)Drug complete with natural
substrate for their attachments on the active sites of enzymes .They are called
competitive inhibitors.
(b)Some drugs binds to a different
site of the enzyme called allosteric sites which changes the shape of active
sites.
- ANTAGONISTS-
The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function.
- AGONISTS-Drugs
mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.
- ANTACIDS-These
are compounds which neutralize excess acid of stomach.eg-Aluminium
hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide.
- ANTI HISTAMINES-The drugs which interfare with the natural action of
histamines and prevent the allergic reaction. eg- rantidine,tegarnet,
avil.
- TRANQULIZERS-The
class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,mild or even
severe mental diseases. Eg-idardil, iproniagid, luminal, second equaqnil .
- ANALGESICS-They
reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion
or some other disturbance of the nervous system.
Eg - aspirin, seridon , phenacetin.
- ANTIMICROBIALS-They
tend to prevent/destroy or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes as
bacteria ,virus ,fungi etc .They
are classified as
(i)ANTIBIOTICS-Those are the chemicals substances which are
produced by micro-organisms.
Eg- Pencillin , ofloxacin .
NARROW SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS-These are effective mainly
against gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Eg- Penicillin , streptomycin.
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS-They kill or inhibit a wide
range of micro-organisms.
eg- chloramphenicol , tetracydine
.
(ii)ANTISEPTICS OR DISINFECTANT-These are which either
kill/inhibit the growth of micro-organisms
Antiseptics are applied to the living
tissuses such as wounds, cuts, ulcers etc. eg-furacine,chloroxylenol &
terpinol(dettol) .Disinfectant are applied to inanimate objects such as floors
, drainage , system.
Eg- 0.2% solution of phenol is an
antiseptic while 1% solution is an disinfectant.
- ANTIFERTILITY
DRUGS- These is the chemical substances used to control the pregnancy.
They are also called oral contraceptives or birth control pills.
Eg-Mifepristone, norethindrone.
- ARTIFICIAL
SWEETNING AGENTS-These are the chemical compounds which give
sweetening effect to the food without adding calorie.
They are good for diabatic people
eg- aspartame, saccharin, alitame , sucrolose.
- FOOD
PRESERVATIVES- They prevents spoilage of food to microbial
growth.eg-salt, sugar, and sodium benzoate.
15. CLEANSING AGENTS-
(i) SOAPS-
They is sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.They are obtained
by the soapnification reaction, when fatty acids are heated with aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
They do not work well in hard
water.
(iii)
TOILETS SOAP-That are prepared by
using better grade of fatty acids and excess of alkali needs to be removed
.colour & perfumes are added to make them attractive.
(iv)
MEDICATED SOAPS- Substances of
medicinal value are added.eg- Buthional , dettol.
16.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS-They are cleaning agents having properties
of soaps, but actually contain no soap .They can used in both soft and hard
water .They are-
(i)ANIONIC DETERGENTS-They are
sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.eg-sodium
lauryl sulphonate . They are effective in acidic solution.
CH3 (CH2)
CH2OH → CH3 (CH2)10CH2OSO3H
(laurylalchol)
→CH3 (CH2)10CH2SO3-Na+
→CH3 (CH2)10CH2SO3-Na+
(Sodium lauryl sulphonate)
(ii)CATIONIC DETERGENTS-
They are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates , chlorides, or
bromides.They are expensive used tolimited extent.eg- cytyltrimethylammoniumbromide
(iii)NON-IONIC DETERGENTS- They does not contain any ions. Some
liquid dishwashing detergents which are of non-ionic type .
17. BIODEGREDABLE DETERGENTS-
The detergents which are linear and can be attacked by micro-organisms are
biodegradable.
Eg -sodium 4-(1-dodecyl) benzene \
sulphonate.
18. NON-BIODEGREDABLE
DETERGENTS- The detergents which are branched and cannot be decomposed by
micro-organisms are called non-biodegdradable.eg-sodium 4-(1,3,5,7
tetramethyloctl)-benzene sulphonate .It
creates water pollution.
VERY SHORT ANSWER
TYPE QUESTION
(1 marks)
Q-1 Define the term chemotherapy?
Ans-1 Treatment of diseases using chemicals
is called chemotherapy.
Q-2 why do we require artificial sweetening
agents?
Ans-2 To reduce calorie intake.
Q-3 what are main constiuent of Dettol?
Ans-3 Choloroxylenol & Terpinol .
Q-4 what type drug phenaticinis?
Ans-4 It is antipyretics.
Q-5 Name the drug that are used to control
allergy?
Ans-5 Antihistamines.
Q-6Why is the use of aspartame limited to
cold food and drinks?
Ans-6 It is unstable at cooking temperature
and decompose.
Q-7What is tranquilizers? Give an example?
Ans-7 They is the drug used in stress, mild
severe mental disease.
Q-8
what type of drug chloramphenicol?
Ans-8 It is broad spectrum antibiotic.
Q-9Why is biothional is added to the toilet
soap?
Ans-9It acts as antiseptics.
Q-10 what are food preservatives?
Ans-10 The substances that prevent spoilage
of food due to microbial growth. eg- sodium benzonate.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTION
(2 marks)
Q-1 Mention one important use of
the following-
(i) Equanil (ii)Sucrolose
Ans-1 (i) Equanil- It is a
tranquilizer.
(ii) Sucrolose-It is an artificial
sweetener.
Q-2 Define the following and give one example-
(i)Antipyretics (ii) Antibiotics
Ans-2 (i) Antipyretics-
Those drugs which reduce the temperature of feveral body are called
Antipyretics.
Eg - Paracetamol
(ii) Antibiotics-The drugs
which prevent the growth of other micro-organisms. Eg- Pencillin.
Q-3 Name the medicines used for
the treatment of the following-
(i) Tuberculosis (ii) Typhoid Tuberculosis- Sterptomycin
Typhoid- Cholororophenicol
Q-4 what are tincture of iodine?
Ans-4 2-3% iodine solution of
alcohol water is called tincture of Iodine. It is a powerful antiseptics and is
applied on wounds.
Q- 5 What is artificial sweetening
agent? Give two examples?
Ans-5 The substances which give
sweetening to food but don’t add calorie to our body .
Eg- Saccharin, alitame.
Q-6 How is synthetic detergents
better than soaps?
Ans- 6 (i) Detergents can be used
in hard water but soaps cannot be used.
(ii) Detergents have a stronger
cleansing action than soaps.
Q-7 what are sulpha drugs? Give
two examples?
Ans-7 a group of drugs which are
derivatives of sulphanilamide and are used in place of antibiotics is called
sulpha drugs.
Eg- sulphadizine, sulphanilamide.
Q-8 what forces are involved in holding the
active sites of the enzymes?
Ans-8 The forces are involved in holding
the active sites of the enzymes are hydrogen bonding , ionic bonding ,
dipole-dipole attractions or Vander waals force of attractions.
Q-9 Describe the following giving an
example in each
case-
(i) Edible colours
(ii) Antifertility drugs
(i)
Edible
colours- They are used for dying food.
Eg- saffron is used to colour rice.
(ii)
Antifertility drugs- Those drugs which
control the birth of the child are called antifertility drugs.
Q-10 Give two examples of organic compounds
used as antiseptics?
Ans-10 Phenol (0.2%), iodoform
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTION
(3 marks)
Q-1 what are Biodegredable and
non-biodegdredable detergents? Give one example of each.
Ans-1 Detergents having straight
hydrocarbon chain and are easily
decomposed by micro-organisms are called Biodegredable detergents.The
detergents having branched hydrocarbon chain
and are not easily decomposed by
micro-organisms are called Non-Biodegredable detergents.
Q-2 what are barbiturates? To
which class of drugs do they belong? Give two examples.
Ans-2 Derivatives of barbituric
acid are called barbiturates.They are tranquilizers. They also act as hypnotics.
eg- luminal , seconal.
Q-3 what is the use of –
(i) Benadryl (ii) sodium benzoate (iii)
Progesterone
Ans-3 (i) Antihistamines
(ii) Preservatives
(iii)
Antifertility drug
Q-4 Identify the type of drug-
(i) Ofloxacin (ii) Aspirin (iii) Cimetidine
Ans- 4 (i) Antibiotic (ii) Analgesics & Antipyretics
(iii) Antihistamines & antacid
Q-5 Describe the following with suitable
example-
(i) Disinfectant (ii) Analgesics
(iii) Broad spectrum antibiotics
(i)
Disinfectant-
chemicals used to kill the micro-organisms can applied on non living articles.
(ii)
Analgesics-
They are the drugs which are used to relieve pain . eg – Aspirin , Ibuprofen.
(iii)
Broad
spectrum antibiotics- They kill the wide range of gram positive and gram
negative bacteria.
Eg- Chloramphenicol , ofloxacin.
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